ABSTRACT
The pandemic has revealed the dependence of many labour markets on EU mobile ((im)migrant) workers, particularly in sectors designated as essential for national economies. Despite many EU workers falling under the label of ‘essential workers’, they are nonetheless vulnerable to unhealthy and unfair working and living conditions linked to the type of work they perform (manual), the conditions of their employment (highly flexible) and their lack of social networks that makes them dependent on their employers for housing and health. Taking EU mobile workers in the meat and distribution sectors, two specific Food Supply Chain sectors in the Netherlands, as a case study, this contribution discusses how in the Netherlands protection during the Covid-19 pandemic was organized for this group of workers in relation to protective measures at the work place, quarantining, pay during periods of quarantine and protection against job loss, and access to public health services (testing, vaccines), topics that generated a great deal of insecurity among EU mobile workers. The analysis is based on data provided by a survey among 153 EU mobile workers (May-July 2021), 35 interviews with Polish and Romanian workers, and 50 interviews with national stakeholders. The aim is to problematize the disjuncture revealed by the pandemic between an EU legal regime that prioritizes mobility and national arrangements around welfare and social protection that leave many mobile workers vulnerable. We argue that EU free movement of workers needs to be flanked by measures to ensure that the people who move do so under decent and fair conditions.
ABSTRACT
As the COVID-19 crisis developed, the International Labor Organization estimated that 4.7 percent of the global labor pool, comprising 164 million people, were migrant workers who were living and working outside their home country. While some were laid off and sent home for the lockdown, others continued working. These others were migrants performing crucial jobs in the front line of the crisis. They help to produce our food, pack our orders, and build or clean our houses, among other tasks. Many COVID-19 infections appear to be labor-related, with many of the crucial sectors exhibiting an extra-high risk of virus transmission. Migrant workers on the frontline can be low-waged, hold a temporary job, lack knowledge of their legal position and the local language, and have a limited social network and high dependency on others - such as recruiters or temporary employment agencies - for work and housing. This essay addresses these migrant vulnerabilities in the labor market and identifies measures that might simultaneously curb the vulnerabilities and account for industrial needs for labor in essential sectors. We argue that the vulnerability of migrant laborers is structural;the COVID-19 crisis has put a magnifying glass on a preexisting vulnerability and clarified the need for solutions. Copyright © Tesseltje de Lange, Sandra Mantu and Paul Minderhoud 2020.